Environmental Issues in Malaysia

Environmental Issues in Malaysia1 INTRODUCTION in that location has been a very high level of concern on surroundingsal beds mankindwide nowadays. Ministry of foreign aff gentle winds statistic shows that over the years, the temperature has been rise be shake up of coke dioxide trapped and thou house gases have affected the global climate. This change go out affect the people live all over the world. This in like manner includes access to water, health, food and the easy being of the surround. Todays, many poprs started to realize that their buy demeanour rattling volition cause a big impact to the surround. Therefore, companies should convention offering environmentally friendly reapings and service to people to prevent this world become worse.Therefore, companies should practice offering environmentally friendly outputs and service to people to prevent this world become worse.Although, Malaysia has underg bingle an excellent development followed organisational eff orts to attract foreign come outor to come and invest for a viridityness harvest-tide development in Malaysia, the practices of environmental responsible behavior atomic round 18 still low among Malayan consumers.An employment of the lack of environmental responsible behavior is shown in an obligate in Bernama whereby garbage thrown by one of the state in Malaysia residents is the main cause of river pollution in the state. gibe to a survey which was conducted on line by global market insight and information group, on the aspect of eco-friendliness of habits and behaviors unless 8% of Malaysian respondents responded that they have changed their behavior in a vastest deal to benefit the environment.In addition 83% respondents reported that their views on a companys and their Colleges friendliness to the environment would influence their procures of reapings and services.Studying the determinants of generation-Y consumers common purchase behavior leave be definitely be nefit thou marketers. Generation-Y ( likewise known as a millennial) is defined as A label attri besidesed to people born during the 1980s and early 1990s. Members of Generation Y atomic number 18 often referred to as echo boomers because they be the children of parents born during the flub boom (baby boomers). Because children born during this time period have had constant access to technology (computers, cell phones) in their youth, they have required many employers to update their hiring schema in order to incorporate updated forms of technology. In a simple word, generation-Y grew up with a technology and relies on those topics to perform their job and their task.In addition, when going through with(predicate) a literature review in Malaysian context, there are still a gap existed between environmental knowledge, object and behavior towards discolour product. Said et al. (2005). Even though people that have vast knowledge almost green products are non necessarily wo uld buy a green product.Therefore, calculates those localize and affect Generation-Y to purchase a green product would be worth to find out.1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCHEnvironment is defined as what surrounds a thing or an item or in other words it means the surrounding. It could be a physical element which is physical environment, that includes the built environment, natural environment such as air, water, land, atmosphere and etc or it could be human environment where people surrounding the item or thing which alike known as the companionable environment. Today environment is acquire worst and worst. Many environmental issues arise. Environmental concerns have been growing in recent years. One of the examples of environmental issue is global warming. Global warming and climate change refer to an summation in average global temperatures. Natural events and human activities such as destroy garbage and waste are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global te mperatures. This is cause primarily by increases in greenhouse gases such as Carbon Dioxide. The greenhouse effect keeps the earth warm when functioning normally. For the first time in history, human activities are altering the climate of our entire planet. According to (Jack, 2010), in less than 2 centuries, humans have increased the total amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by 25% from the burning of fogey fuels and the destruction of forests. In addition to the natural fluxes of carbon through the Earth system, human activities, particularly fossil fuel burning and deforestation, are also cathartic carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (The Carbon Cycle the Human Role, Earth Observatory, NASA). verdure product is define as a product that produce limited carbon footprints they may require fewer resources to produce, consume less energy or emit fewer hazardous emissions. jet plane product is also a product that is non toxic, water-efficient, and also recyclable and biodegrada ble. There are many green products that have been produce for people in the market. For example, a household cleaner. Nowadays its nearly unimaginable to go shopping without finding a plethora of products that claim to be environmentally and consumer friendly. Oddly enough, many cheap and eco-friendly substances, such as vinegar, have been used for years as home cleaners. Whether you buy a green cleaning product at a store or use something on lot in your pantry, you stand reap the benefits of choosing products that are gentler on you and the environment. Phosphate-free dishwasher and laundry detergents are also consider a green product because they do not discharge environment-damaging phosphates into water substances. Other examples of green cleaning products are those labeled certified biodegradable these have passed several stringent tests relating to biodegradability and environmental impact conducted by an individual certifying agency. According to Consumer Reports, the cert ified biodegradable label is more meaningful than a general biodegradable label. Glass and metal cleaners, kitchen and bathroom cleaners, and laundry detergents are products that exponent carry this label.The rationale for going green is twofold. Clearly, the positive effects on the environment are a key driver for purchase green product.Green product provides myriad environmental benefits. They can replace toxic materials that may be harmful to people or animals. Also, some products save energy and water, musical composition others limit solid waste and manufacturing releases. Green products create a healthier environment for people through reduced exposure to cleaners, solvents, paints and other hazardous substances. Green product also can reduce allergies. Many families find that their children are suffering from allergies, even though their family history does not necessary say that there are no allergies. In some situations, chemicals represent within cleaning products cont ain allergens. Bleaches, toxic cleaning sprays and other chemicals used to clean the home unremarkably contain a variety of ingredients specifically able to cause or trigger allergies in people.Generation Y are the cool generation, they embrace provoker and live in the recent world of digitize communication. Thus that might be interesting to find their perception and their level of knowingness towards environmental issues that the world is facing nowadays. Gen Y has grown up in a very structure, busy and over planned world. Also, Gen Y is made up of confident, optimistic little people who feel valued and wanted. In a article of science daily, Gen-Y is a people that will go all the way when it comes to saving the environment as long as it benefit to world economic and environment. They are maturing into a pragmatic generation that wants to do the right thing for the environment but also has real economic concerns1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTConsumers or practically customers are the sell ers and buyers that boost the countrys economy. Therefore, many firms are actually putting many efforts in order to attract more customers because these customers create businesses opportunities and generate profits to them. As the world nowadays facing so many problems regarding to an environmental issue, the consumers and their attitudes or behaviors to purchase a green product are the important agents to be considered. Consumers nowadays have more choices due to the effects of globalization. They will prefer the function of the product rather than the brand or whatsoever to ensure a healthier future.To determine the current level of Gen-y consumers preference towards the green products.To determine what are the determinants or factors of Gen-y consumer preferences towards the green product.To determine the consequences or effects of Gen-y consumer preferences towards the green product.To determine consumer level of awareness of Gen-y consumer towards green product.1.3 RESEARCH O BJECTIVE cognisance towards environmental issue that the world nowadays facing play a major role encourage people to purchase a green product. Thus, this try is attempts to touch on on the confused shiftings that influence consumer especially generation-Y to purchase a green product. The objectives are as the followingTo study the factors affecting the consumer especially Gen-Y to purchase green product.Gen-y is a new generation and It is crucial to understand as they are more advance and modernize. Thus, several researches have been conducted in order to understand consumers in a way that how they behave, and what are the factors that cause them to behave or react to the responses of the products. Leading factors such as expenditure and quality are always the top concerns to the consumers. Product attributes will moderate the effects of price on quality judgments. Partial of the consumers may focus on buying low prices goods and neglect the quality of the products. This group of consumers payoffs the price as a measure of sacrifice. For instance, consumers take the price served as the benchmark for comparing utility gains from the quality of the product. One the other hand, some portion of the consumers will be willing to pay a premium price for the quality and function of the products, as they are very sensitive to the signals of the quality of one product. Thus, it is foretaste that this study will contribute further to the understanding of factors of price and quality that may lead to the consumers prefer for a green productTo understand the awareness level of people about Go Green campaign.Nowadays, there are many environmental campaign have been organized by a government and private sector. This campaign is aim to encourage people to more concern about the environment. Thus, it is hope that this study will explore how people react to a environmental campaign and what is their level of awareness about the awareness campaign.To examine the benefit f or people involvement in Go Green program.We might be asking, how we will benefit from getting involved in this environmental campaign. Well, recently there has been an increase in events directly related to the availability of natural resources. For example energy shortages that resulted to load shedding, change in weather patterns and water shortages. As a result, civil society is recognizing the need to manage our natural resources more effectively and responsibly. In doing so, we can ensure positive effects on our health, quality of life and even the cost of living. Thus, this study will help people to getting known more about what they will gain if they participate in the environmental campaign.To discover what consumer perception towards green product.In curiosity to line what are the main components or criteria that consumer especially gen-Y are looking forward in order to purchase a green product. It is true that each and any one of us are special and unique in the way we are, thus, both consumer has their very own perception in purchasing a green product. distinguishable people from different backgrounds may have different perceptions on these products. In addition to that, different demographic groups may have different perceptions to this kind of product as well. Thus, this study will help to mark whether the consumer especially gen-y prefer to buy a green product or not to safe a mother of earth.1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYThis study is crucial as there are a lot of green products have been selling nowadays. Obviously, when we talk about green product, the price for that particular item might be so expensive. The study on factors affecting consumer especially Gen-Y buying a green product may allow us to know in depth why are previous efforts taken does not produce as it is thought it would be. establish on the study conducted, motivations towards the environment, knowledge on green product, social norm, awareness and self-image have an impact on the consumer especially Gen-Y buying a green product. regimen may need to enhance its program in educating people green product. New and more interesting Go Green program and method is a definite necessity in motivating people to increase their interest/awareness on a green product and indirectly motivates them to purchase it.1.5 orbit OF STUDYThe research focus on students in Multimedia University (MMU) Melaka campus and teenagers from outside the campus which comes from various demographic backgrounds such as the faculty, ethnicity and nationality. The focused respondents are a great resemblance on the exact population in Malaysia.1.6 ORGANIZATIONAL OF RESEARCH1.6.1 Chapter 1 IntroductionRegarding this chapter, it introduce the background of this research such as why do people as a consumer buy a green product. Thus, this will create a strong preference among the gen-y consumers locally and abroad to consume and purchase green products. These sections will explain in details in the of consumers preferences from the Malaysian perspective and as well from the global view for green products. This chapter also recognized the problem statement and the research objectives for this research. Finally, the justification of the research will help to justify the benefits and those who will gain in this research.Chapter 2 Literature inspectionA pure(a) study will be conducted on the dependent variable and independent variables. The main purpose for this chapter is to weigh the pros and cons of the topic and to discuss in details on the ideas and knowledge concerned. In this chapter, every definition of the dependent variable and independent variables will be cited from the journals in order to strengthen every point mentioned. Several of arguments and various points of views from different authors in order to provide a stronger formation of each point can be founded in this chapter. In addition to that, this chapter explains the relationships on several independen t variables relate to the dependent variables.1.6.2 Chapter 3 investigate MethodologyResearch methodology is usually conducted after the thorough study of literature review. In this chapter, theoretical framework will be form to illustrate the relationships between the dependent variable and the independent variables. Hypotheses or a proposed report which were made on the basis of limited evidences will explain the relationships between two or more variables. All the hypotheses verbalise will be tried together with empirical data. This chapter also includes the description of the sampling data, data collections and as well as the development of the questionnaire for this research.Chapter 4 Data AnalysisAfter questionnaires are collected from all the respondents, then few tests will be conducted to test on the validity and reliability of the results. The responds of the questionnaires from the respondents are represented by a baffle of numbers that symbolize their own signific ant meanings. Whereas the tests that will be carry out are to analyze the responses from the respondents so that it will recoup to a stronger death at the end of this research.Chapter 5 ConclusionThis chapter will provide the final outcome of this research. Thus, the final results will be explained and we will be able to identify how the exact hypotheses that formed earlier are hold.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Environmental quality in MalaysiaAccording to report from Department of Environment Malaysia, 2006, Malaysia experient a short period of slight to moderate haze due to trans-boundary pollution from neighboring countries. The air quality status in different states differed gibe to the geographical locations, the industrial and commercial activities, populated areas and the traffic conditions. During that period, Klang Valley area in Malaysia was more prone to air pollution than any other areas and the air quality was only good 23% of the time, moderate 70% of the time a nd the remaining 7% at an unhealthy level.As a developing country, Malaysia face up great challenge in ensuring a balance between development and environmental acheability. Urban air and river quality, deforestation, household waste and hazardous waste are some of the serious and worrying environmental problems faced by the country According to The Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010) report, Malaysian government allocated RM510 million for cleaning, preserving and beautifying rivers RM530 million for coastal management RM200 million for reforestation and another RM70 million for the management of wildfire and protected areas to ensure environmental sustainability and resource management. In a global environment article stated that, Solid waste is one of the three major environmental problems in Malaysia. It plays a significant role in the ability of Nature to sustain life within its capacity. Currently, over 23,000 tonnes of waste is produced each day in Malaysia. However, this amount is expected to rise to 30,000 tonnes by the year 2020. The amount of waste generated continues to increase due to the change magnitude population and development, and only less than 5% of the waste is being recycled.Rivers represent the lease of life which pulses through the earth. It is a finite and only source of water. In Malaysia, there are almost 1800 rivers. Sadly, more than half of these rivers have been polluted and destroyed. wrong solid waste management contributes greatly to river pollution. Improper solid waste management also contributes to climate change decomposing waste produces methane and production of new products to meet demand emits greenhouse gases and utilizes natural resources. Therefore, a geological fault towards more sustainable consumption patterns is required.2.1.1 Concern of environmentThere are many reasons and factors that affect consumer especially Gen-Y to buy a green product. According toMostafa (2007), green purchase behavior or environmental friendly buying behavior is the consumption of products that are beneficial to the environment, recyclable or conservable, Sensitive and responsive to ecologic concerns. Concern for the environment is perceived to be important in encouraging consumer to participate in green program and also buying a green product. Research finding suggest that, moral concerns determine several curtailment behaviors (Goldstein et al., 2008 Hage et al., 2009). However, studies on the influence of moral concerns on consumer high involvement buying decisions with environmental implications are rare (Thgersen, 2005). This is a problem since overlooking an influential determinant might hinder or delay successful diffusion of environmentally friendlier products and innovations. Consumer identify environmental protection as a priority for governmental policies and this interest has led to an increase in ethical production-for both consumer and non-consumer products (Finisterra do Paoet al., 2009). Sensitiv ity to environmental issues shifts consumer behavior towards supporting the growth and diffusion of green marketing and ecologically-conscious consumer behavior including consumer preference for greener firms, increase in demand for greener products. (Alsmadi, 2008 Finisterra do Pacao et al.,2009) found that greater awareness of environmental problems, increased media coverage, impact of major industrial disasters on public opinion, and the rise of pressure group activities are among the factors driving environmental concerns.2.2 Green marketingGrant, John.(2008)define the green as a brand that that offers a significant eco-advantage over the incumbents and which hence appeals to those who are willing to making green a high priority. Soonthonsmai (2008) defined a green marketing as the activities that have been taken by firms that are really concern about the environment or green problems by delivering the environmentally sound goods or services to create consumers and societys sat isfaction. Other definitions of green marketing as proposed by marketing scholars include social marketing, ecological marketing or environmental marketing. Harrison (2008) proposed green marketing strategy by firms through positioning the environmental benefits of green products to consumers mindset to influence their purchasing decision. Peatitie (2007) and Welford (2000) defined green marketing as the management process responsible for identifying and satisfying the requirements of customers and society in a profitable and sustainable way. In reality, companies that travel along green marketing encounter numerous challenges mainly from the variability of demand, un-favorable consumer perception and high cost (Gurau and Ranchhod, 2008). The most key concern lies in an understanding of green consumers and their characteristics amd will help firm to enable and to develop a new target and segmentation strategies (DSouza et al., 2008). Dwyer (2009) defined green as the products to be designed, commercialized, and used which are capable of reducing sources of pollution and minimizing risks to human health and the environment. On the other hand, there are product sector specic examples of research on green buying process, such as food and household products (Vantomme et al., 2005) and clothes (Shaw et al., 2006)2.2.1 Consumer preference on green productThe dependent variable in this study is the factor that affecting consumer preferences for green products. Everyone in this Earth, play a major role as a consumer. Consumers are the main factors that boost a countrys economy. Each and every consumer has their very own perspective and preferences towards what they consume. Consumer from different demographic factors such as background and society may influence their behavior in making decisions composition to purchase products. Thus, it is undeniable that consumers preferences and their perspective towards goods and services are hard to predict.DSouzaet al.(2006a)f ound out in their research that consumers perception of green products did not influence by criteria such as packaging, label and ingredient of a product. The important finding fromDSouzaet al.(2006b)was that green consumers would rely more on their personal experience in using the product rather than evaluate a green product base on marketers provided information. Interestingly, this finding however contradicts to DSouza, Taghian and Lambs finding they found that consumers are getting environmental information from labels before deciding to purchase a green product. It is mean that, label are important to capture consumer impression to buy a green product.The importance of consumers has lead to many researches to be conducted in order to study on their behavior and attitudes towards what they perceived on the products. Barr and Gilg (2006) was found that green purchasing behavior was the least popular activity alongside activities such as recycling and habitual household activitie s. However, not surprisingly, green consumers do consider environmental factors when purchasing products, but engaged more frequently in activities such as switching off lights and recycling paper (daily activities). Wheale and Hinton (2007) suggested that amongst the population of green consumers there is a hierarchy of importance of ethical drivers in the purchase decision-making process. The environment was rated as the most important ethical driver during purchasing decisions. The finding fromDSouzaet al.(2006a)was if product is raze in quality, consumers would not have intention to buy green products even though they were always reading labels. Furthermore, if product is more expensive, consumers might have intention to buy green products. Therefore,DSouzaet al.(2006b)concluded from their study that consumers were not compromised to lower product quality. However,Rashid (2009)in his study stated that eco label is an important factor that would enable consumers to puzzle out t he right purchase choice if faced with a situation that required their consideration of the environmental impact on a product that they wish to purchase.2.3 familiarity and attitude towards environment and green productKnowledge and attitude towards environment are very important to influcence consumer especially Gen-Y To buy a green product. There is a general thought among the researchers and environmental activists that through purchasing environmentally friendly products or green products, products with recyclable packaging or properly disposing of non-biodegradable garbage, consumers can contribute significantly to improve the quality of the environment (Abdul-Muhmim, 2007). The quality of the environment depends critically on the level of knowledge, attitudes, values and practices of consumers (Mansaray and Abijoye, 2005). Attitudes are the most consistent informative factor in predicting consumers willingness to pay for green products (Chyong et al., 2006). This means that price is not the main factor in preventing consumers from purchasing green products if they are pro-environment. Researcher also found that Influencing consumer behaviour is a complex and difficult task requiring knowledge of its determinants. The most convincing support of the growing influence of the ecologically-friendly consumer is the increase in the number of individuals that are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products (Bang et al., 2005).2.4 Social norm and value perception influence consumer to buy green product.Studies have also investigated the effect social influence has affect consumer especially Gen-Y purchase green product.The interest in green initiatives is not expected to emanate only from outside(a) impositions and inducements but also from the internal sense of responsibility of a firm towards the society in which it exists. For green issues, such sensitivity is intensified by increasing environmental problems such as global warming and polluti on. Such problems may also raise awareness and interest of a firm to behave in a more socially responsible manner and reflect an image of due diligence and commitment to sustainability. Green purchasing is primarily motivated by a certain degree of consumer ecological consciousness. Frey and Stutzer (2006) identify a number reasons behind environmental motivation intrinsic motivations, altruism, internalized norms and social norms.Social norms lead individuals to take into consideration the opinions of the other members of society when choosing a green product over another if they think that their acquaintances approve of green product purchase and disapprove of banal product purchase, there are encouraged to buy green products. (Ewing, 2005) stated that social norms are an important motivator of ecologically responsible behaviour. The strength of the prescriptive influence of the consumers family and social groups on purchasing decisions depends on the characteristics of the produ ct (e.g. luxury rather than a necessity).Value perception is the conception one has of oneself. Study in marketing influence on consumer purchase decision on green product, value perception was influencing green behaviours. This agrees to Lee(2008) finding value perception as the terzetto predictor of her study. Apart from behavioral aspects, numerous studies have also looked at the relationship between demographic and socioeconomic variables and purchase green product involvement. Kinnear, T. and Taylor, J. (1973) stated that there has been no signicant link found between demographic segmentation and green purchase. This could be due to the notion that different groups of people relate to different parts of the environmental agenda Peattie, K. (1995). There have been contradictory results of younger and older age groups concerns about environmental issues Peattie, K. (1995). There is, however, a belief that environmental concern is directly related to a consumers level of educatio n Balderjahn, I. (1988). Based on four surveys, Hines et al. found no relationship with gender.Chapter 3 Research Methodology3.1 OverviewMethodology is a system of methods used in a particular research. Research methodology normally comes after defining the problems and completing the thorough of the literature review. Research methodology which has been implemented to collect, investigate and as well as interpreting data obtained for the testing of the hypothesis will be discussed. a priori framework will be formed in this chapter in order to illustrate the relationships in between the dependent variable and independent variables. Besides that, hypotheses were unquestionable and will be discussed together with the explanations in conjunction with the dependent variable and the independent variables. On top of that, plans of the sampling method, data collection methods and as well as the development of the questionnaires are included in this chapter. Finally, the data analysis and the hypotheses testing will carry out to analyze the responses from the respondents so that it will derive to a stronger conclusion at the end of this research.3.2 Theoretical FrameworkFigure 3.1 below illustrates a theoretical framework that shows the relationships in between the dependent variable and the independent variables.KnowledgeCountryFactors affecting Gen-y consumer in Malaysia buying a green productAttitudeSocial NormValue Perception3.3 description of FrameworkThe preferences of consumers for green products are subjective. Consumer from different demographic factors such as background and society may influence their behavior in making decisions plot of ground to purchase products. Whether they have a greater of favor to green products or to ordinary products are just hard to predict. Thus, it is undeniable that consumers preferences and their perspective towards goods and services are hard to predict. The importances of consumers have lead to many researches to be con ducted in order to study on their behavior and attitudes towards what they perceived on the products.The knowledge, which is one of the factors that might cause preferences for consumers to make purchases for green products. The first thing that came across consumers mind is the brands and firms that produce a green product. Thus, the brand image of the company has help by providing hints to the consumers in summarizing the information from that certain product. According to Grunert (1993), knowledge of the benefits of a green products use on the environment may have an impact on whether or not that product is purchased and used. Besides that, consumers also prefer to purchase a green product with a lower cost.The attitude is another most influential factor in consumer preferences for green products. Consumers normally are not really aware about our environment issue nowadays. It is because they get less information regarding to our environment situation. Awareness towards our envir o