Essay --

Childrens behaviors and reactions adopt always been so interesting to me. Studying Erikson, Piaget, and Kohlbergs different theories on tender-hearted development has given me a much deeper understanding of these behaviors. Although their theories argon different, they do share three assumptions according to an article on SparkNotes.com 1. People pass through stages in a specific order, with each stage building on capacities developed in the previous stage. 2. Stages are related to to age. 3. Development is discontinuous, with qualitatively different capacities emerging in each stage (Psychology/Development, 2012, p. 1). While analyze these three theorists it has affected my own idea of human development in two ways. Additionally, my view of how a patient has been raised has affected my nursing care. I admit that when I care for a child, a majority of the time I silently blame the parents for the improper actions of the child. It is easy for me to forgo disciplining an adolescent patient. I often say to myself, it is not the childs fault and excuse them for their behaviors, mainly because I believed that is how they were raised and they dont know better. After learning about Erik Eriksons theory on development, I realized that a childs development is not solely dependent on the way the child was raised by their parents. There are other contributing factors in development, according to an article that compares Eriksons views versus Freuds titles Erik Erikson. McLeod (2013) states that Erikson, emphasized the role of culture and society, (p. 1) in the development of personality. After studying Erikson it has changed my understanding of why children behave and react in certain situations. In McLeods (2013) article it also mentions... ...n Simply Psychology, children at this age like to research the world around them and they are constantly learning about their environment (McLeod, 2013, figure 2). Everything dangerous was kept in locked drawers and cabinet , so I opinion the child would be safe roaming around the small exam room. Also, the incident involving the childs eye was traumatizing to him and after the sutures are placed it would cause so far more trauma. I explained to the parents that in order to instill autonomy into this child, they must allow the child to explore to overcome any fears that may be brought upon from this traumatic event. That is just one example of how I utilized Eriksons theories into my nursing practice. I will continue to bring it into my plan of care, because I now have an understanding of why children react and behave in a certain way towards different situations.

Golden Rice: The Fortified, Modified and Vilified Option for Third Worl

Each year without fail anywhere between 250,000 to 500,000 children go blind from Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD), more than than half of those die within twelve months. To visualize this number think of Seattle, now imagine half or all of its population going blind. With a few dollars worth of food or supplements enriched in vitamin A this problem can be mollified. But getting fresh foods and vitamins to those with the greatest need has turn up an insurmountable problem. Food Aid, while indeed lifesaving, is costly and does not fix the underlying problems in poor societies. To be truly secure people mustiness have food independence, which is to say they must be able to grow their own food supply and not rely on outside markets. In countries such as Vietnam, the Philippines, India and China the main food staple is rice. While rice is a valuable source of carbohydrates, once the rice is milled, and its outer story shucked, it losses most of its nutritional value. Thirty years ago two G erman scientists, Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer set out to see if they could do something about devising a better rice. What they came up with was genetically modified rice that was bright yellow because it was rich in (beta)-carotene, and was called golden rice because of its sunny hue. But out front the two scientists could pat themselves on the back for solving Vitamin A Deficiency, anti-GM (genetically modified) groups such as Greenpeace denounced the unnatural solution and swore that golden rice would never find its elbow room to third world farmers. Twenty eight years and approximately 10,000,000 million deaths later golden rice has still not been able to escape the blushing(a) tape and fear mongering of the First World. And while golden rice is not a cure all for world hunger,... ...Rice to Combat Malnutrition Disorders of the Poor. Nutrition Reviews. Vol. 51. No. 6. Pp. S101-S104 June. mingled Authors 2010 Genetically Modified Food Controversies. Wikipedia. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_food_controversyAuthor Unknown (Editorial) 2005 Reburnishing sic Golden Rice. Nature Biotechnology. Vol. 23. No. 4. Pp. 395. AprilAuthor Unknown 2005 Scientists in Support of Agricultural Biotechnology. AgBioWorld. Agbioworld.org/declaration/ beg/petition.php

Pearl Harbor :: American History World War 2 WWII

Of the years following the arrival of Captain James Cook, Pearl Harbor was not considered a suitable harbor due to shallow water. The spare-time activity of the United States Government in the Sandwich Islands followed the adventurous voyages of its whaling and trading ships in the Pacific. As early as 1820, an Agent of the United States for Commerce and Seamen was appointed to side after American business in the Port of Honolulu. With the cementing of commercial ties with the American continent, another factor to be considered was the endeavors of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. This was particularly authorized when the American missionaries and their families became an integral part of the Hawaiian body politic.With the exception of a few episodes, American prestige tended to increase in the islands. One of these was the affair of lieutenant John Percival in 1826 which illustrates some of the high-handed tactics of that time. When his ship, USS Dolphin , had arrived in Honolulu, an ordinance had just been passed, inspired by the missionaries, placing restrictions on the sale of alcoholic liquors and the taking of women on base vessels in the Honolulu Harbor. Lieutenant Percival and members of his crew felt that the new vice laws were unfair and with more than a mere threat of force had them rescinded. This act, it must be said, was later renounced by the United States and resulted in the sending of an envoy to King Kauikeaouli. When Captain Thomas ap Catesby Jones arrived, in command of the USS Peacock, he was the first naval officer to visit Hawaii armed with instructions to discuss international affairs with the Hawaii King and Chiefs, and to conclude a trade treaty.In spite of the Percival incident, American influence in the islands was steadily increasing. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, many American warships visited Honolulu. In most cases the commanding officers carried letters with them from the U.S. Government all sympa thetically friendly toward the Hawaiian sovereign and, as a rule, giving advice concerning the conduct of governmental affairs and of the relations of the island nation with foreign powers. In 1841, the weekly periodical, Polynesian, printed in Honolulu, advocated editorially that the U.S. cave in a naval base in Hawaii. Its pretext was the protection of the interest of American citizens engaged in the whaling industry. The pro-British Hawaiian minister, R.C. Wyllie, remarked in 1840 that . .

Expansion of EU :: Economics Trade Indian IT Companies Essays

Expansion of EUThe EU Expansion of May 2004On May 1, 2004, new members were added to EU. The current round of expansion brings 10 new EU kids on the block Slovenia, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Cyprus, and Malta. There are more to follow in the EU candidate list. Many of these countries are of vary economic strengths and per capita incomes. The average Gross National Product of the newer countries is significantly different from the first 12 member nations of the EU.Indian IT IndustryIndia has a well-trained work enduringness and the largest pool of English speaking workers anywhere outside native English speaking countries. India produces more engineers and MBAs than any europiuman country. The educated workforce and the currency telephone exchange rates are the prime factors that make India a very attractive location for software development. Indias quality workforce is among the least paid in the world, yet the workers can afford a goo d standard of living, due to relatively low cost of living in India. Due to these factors, India has emerged as confidential information software exporter in the world. USA and Europe are the biggest markets for the Indian software companies. The IT exports were worth $12.5 one million million in the fiscal year 2003-2004. Trade between India and EuropeBefore the formation of the EU, USA was the single largest trading partner for India. Many European countries like UK, Germany and France were the other major partners. After the EU came into being, it has replaced USA as Indias leading trade partner. The major industries involved in India-EU trade are steel, cement, Computer Software, etc. India has had much greater business relations with the Hesperian European countries as compared to the eastern European countries.Bilateral trade between India and UK grew by all over 20% during 2003. The UK is the second largest investor to India. India was the 8th largest investor in the UK i n 2003. The UK attracts over 60% of Indias investment in Europe. India is the UKs 17th largest export market. India and Germany have strong bi-lateral trade relations. Last year, Germanys trade volume with India totaled some 5 billion ($5.6 billion). Indias IT sector has very strong business relations with Germany. The Changing Scenario?The basic principles on which EU functions involve removal of trade barriers among member countries and facilitation of thaw movement of people within the EU. Does this also involve restrictive trade practices and exclusion of workers from non-EU countries?

Claudia Jones and Ella Baker :: Essays Papers

Claudia Jones and Ella BakerOn Christmas day 1964, Claudia Jones, only forty-nine years old, died alone in her London apartment. Over trey hundred people attended her funeral on January 9, 1965 to commemorate the woman who spent her entire adult life agitating against oppression. Visitors who come to Londons Highgate memorial park see that next to the grave of Karl Marx there is the tombstone of Claudia Jones. Many wonder what earned her the honour of being buried beside the founder of scientific communism. 1 On the opposite side of the globe, Ella Baker, a leading African-American genteel Rights leader, was defending her theories of decentralized leadership. Tensions mounted in the movement when grassroots organizations rejected the ideas of central leadership and non-violence. cardinal such organization, the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), founded in part, by the efforts of Ella Baker, became dedicated to Ellas ideals of decentralized leadership, chall enging the authority of high profile individuals in the Civil Rights Movement. In this paper I will examine the experiences of these two radicals. Both Ella Baker and Claudia Jones spent their entire adult lives writing, speaking and debating the issues that African-Americans faced. These issues included racist oppression, frame hierarchy and the roles of women. However, although they both confronted the same issues, they had divergent philosophies that shaped their political careers. Their individual ideas can be examined in foothold of Winston James definition of radicalism and Cedric Robinsons conjecture of the development of the Black extremist tradition. Although the radicalism of both Ella Baker and Claudia Jones fits within Robinson and James definitions, their unique experiences as women helped define their ideas and theories, and transform the role of women in the Black Radical tradition.In Winston James, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia, he defines radicalism o r radical politics as, the challenging of the status quo either on the basis of accessible class, race (or ethnicity), or a combination of the two. 2 He goes on to articulate, in terms of the above definition, radicals. According to James radicals, therefore, are avowed anti-capitalists, as puff up as adherents of varieties of Black Nationalism. 3 Included in this definition are those who have attempted to unite anti-capitalist and nationalist thought. Though James examined Black Radicalism in terms of Caribbean migrants in the United States, his definition could be applied to native-born African-Americans as well.

Claudia Jones and Ella Baker :: Essays Papers

Claudia Jones and Ella BakerOn Christmas day 1964, Claudia Jones, only forty-nine years old, died alone in her capital of the United Kingdom apartment. Over three hundred people attended her funeral on January 9, 1965 to commemorate the woman who spent her entire adult life agitating against oppression. Visitors who come to capital of the United Kingdoms Highgate Cemetery see that next to the grave of Karl Marx there is the tombstone of Claudia Jones. Many wonder what earned her the honour of being buried beside the founder of scientific communism. 1 On the other side of the globe, Ella Baker, a leading African-American Civil Rights leader, was defending her theories of de primalized leadership. Tensions mounted in the movement when grassroots organizations rejected the ideas of central leadership and non-violence. One such organization, the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), founded in part, by the efforts of Ella Baker, became dedicated to Ellas ideals of dece ntralized leadership, challenging the authority of high indite individuals in the Civil Rights Movement. In this paper I will examine the experiences of these two radicals. Both Ella Baker and Claudia Jones spent their entire adult lives writing, speaking and debating the issues that African-Americans faced. These issues include racist oppression, class hierarchy and the roles of women. However, although they both confronted the same issues, they had divergent philosophies that shaped their political careers. Their individual ideas can be examined in terms of Winston James explanation of radicalism and Cedric Robinsons theory of the development of the minatory Radical tradition. Although the radicalism of both Ella Baker and Claudia Jones fits within Robinson and James definitions, their unique experiences as women helped define their ideas and theories, and transform the role of women in the Black Radical tradition.In Winston James, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia, he d efines radicalism or radical politics as, the challenging of the status quo either on the basis of social class, race (or ethnicity), or a combination of the two. 2 He goes on to articulate, in terms of the above definition, radicals. According to James radicals, therefore, are swan anti-capitalists, as well as adherents of varieties of Black Nationalism. 3 Included in this definition are those who have attempted to unite anti-capitalist and nationalist thought. Though James examined Black Radicalism in terms of Caribbean migrants in the United States, his definition could be applied to native-born African-Americans as well.

Period Herbal Medicine

The present researcher grew up in southwestern Nigeria, as an elementary school pupil in the posthumous 1970s, to the consciousness of the advertisement of herb tea medicine at strategic locations such as roadsides, markets and motor parks in major towns and cities where the attention of passers-by could easily be attracted. A major channel of reaching the prospective consumers at such settings was the suspension of blaring loudspeakers on the top of stationary vehicles.Although this advertising channel clam up subsists, a new trend in the advertisement of herbal tea medicine in modern times is the aggressive marketing drive in both the print and electronic media. Commenting on this, Komolafe (199871) writes http//www. rsc. org/chemistryworld/Issues/2007/May/ChineseMedicineWesternPackaging. asp (accessed January 25, 2008). Mr Botwe said such unauthorised advertisements, contravened the Food and Drugs law of 1992.He was particularly, concerned that in recent times, such adverts ch arter taken different forms to outwit the Boards process of approval, and are for instance, read as part of announcements, or for sponsoring some radio programmes. The Chief Executive expressed melancholy that some adverts approved by the Board were overly altered, while others advertise other uses for their herbal drugs, other than those approved by the Board. According to him, the results of the investigation would change the board to take regulatory actions, including request for the revision of product information and condition of use, and withdrawal where ModernGhana. om Women Period Pain Treatment with THE TOLEs Acupuncture and herb tea Medicine. unremarkably it is enough just to avoid victorious all the cold element food and drinks. When the pain is persistence you throw away to take our special Period Herbal Medicine . It will smoothen the Qi flow in the womb and uterus and warming the organs. It will strengthen the total Qi energy in your body giving you strength a nd energy in your daily life. It usually takes 30 to 60 days for good reco genuinely from the Period Pain Problem. more have been treated and others are still going through our treatment. Its a very common problem. ( thetoleherbal. com) Hypertension Herbal Medicine Health Site Many substances from herbal nature can be taken as supplement to maintain the health of the circulatory system and prevent heart disease and hypertension. They may in like manner be an adjunct to treatment for those with moderately elevated blood pressure readings. .( thetoleherbal. com) An alternative or herbal medicine manufacturer develops, tests, produces and markets alternative medicines that are on tap(predicate) over the counter as alternatives to prescription medications. Many herbalists or alternative medicine manufacturers believe that herbal and natural medications are safer, more effective and little addictive than prescription medications. Herbal medicine manufacturers are not governed by the same rules and regulations as pharmaceutical companies so they can often market products that comprise significantly less than the prescription medications.An herbal or alternative medicine manufacturer essential be competitive in the marketplace. He or she must use pure, high quality ingredients and herbs, careful monitor production for safety and health reasons, as well as do their own marketing, advertising and testing. Many herbal manufacturers use rigorous testing to ensure the quality of their product but some manufacturers do not. Understanding the various laws regarding labeling, advertising and marketing of herbal medicines is very important for the manufacture.Some herbal manufacturers may use universities and other testing and research centers to supporter the public understand the benefits of the product. (jobprofiles. org) Using herbs to benefit from its medicinal or therapeutic value is commonly known as herbal medicine. Chemical substances contained in the herb al plants can be induced to act upon the body of the someone consuming it. Humanity has known of this form of healthcare based on herbs since ancient times. History is replete with details of cultures benefiting from herbal medicines.It played a decisive role in the progress of modern civilization. The early primitive men discovered that the herbs provide not only a cure but also food, shelter and clothing. Read more http//www. articlesbase. com/advertising-articles/herbal-medicine-for-a-modern-world-51540. htmlixzz17QG7QfRt Under Creative Commons License Attribution Ascof cough syrups main ingredient was the Lagundi chokes. This leave as its main component has proven to be really effective and I found many testimonials all over the net about its help for curing coughs, fever and sometimes even toothaches.This Ascof medicine has many other variants, produced by Altermed they have Ascof tablets and teas too. This product, since it is new in the market and is not yet very popularly known is always available in drugstores and small pharmacies. With the wonderful and effectiveness of this product, we always make sure we have a bottle sic at home for my niece, who always experience coughs due to too much eating of chocolate. We do not have to worry too about her taking in this medicine because it is herbal. ( reviewstream. com)

Female Genital Mutilation Essay

Female venereal mutilation includes all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female person venerealia, or an some other(prenominal) injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons (WHO). The World Health Organization states that 140,000,000 girls and women worldwide be currently living with the consequences of female genital mutilation. The procedure force out be carried out on babies as young as two weeks old and on woman in their twenties. The age at which girls are tell apart can vary widely from country to country, and even within countries. Most often, female genital mutilation happens before girls reach puberty (Womens Health). In Africa, in that respect is an estimated 101,000,000 girls 10 years old and above that have undergone female genital mutilation. The procedure is generally performed without anesthesia by an older woman who acts as the topical anaesthetic anaesthetic midwife and it is often conducted in the girls home. H owever, there are a few villages that have all the girls lay next to each other and the circumciser cuts all of them in a row.The World Health Organization recognizes four types of female genital mutilation. Type 1 and Type 2 are near related. Type I is the removal of the clitoral hood, which is rarely, if ever, performed alone. Type 2 is called a clitoridectomy. This procedure is the partial or total removal of the push button and inner labia, with or without the removal of the outer labia. In a 1998 report from the World Health Organization, they wrote the clitoris is held between the thumb and index finger, pulled out and amputated with one stroke of a sharp object. The sharp object can be a knife, pair of scissors, cut glass, sharpened rocks or fingernails. Medical personnel are ordinarily not involved. However, in Egypt, Sudan and Kenya, these procedures are carried out by health professionals (Pruthi). Type 3is called infibulation. This is the process of removing all extern al genitalia and the fusing of the wound, leaving a elegant hole for passage of urine and menstrual pitch. A pinhole is created by inserting something (usually a twig or rock salt) into the wound before it closes. The wound may be sewed with surgical thread, and in some cases agave or acacia thorns are used to hold the sides together. Then, the girls legs are tied together from hips subjugate to her ankles and left to heal for 2-6 weeks.The infibulated womans vulva is opened for sexual intercourse by her husbands penis or a knife. This creates a riptide which they gradually rip more and more until the opening is sufficient enough to admit the penis. In some women, the scar tissue is so hardened and overgrow with keloidal formations that it can only be cut with very sharp surgical scissors (Lightfoot-Klein). If the woman gets pregnant, they go out cut her open with a knife in time to give wear. After they give birth, many women ask to have the infibulation restored.Skoll World ForumType IV is unclassified and it includes pricking, piercing or incising of the clitoris and/or labia stretching of the clitoris and/or labia cauterization of the clitoris and surrounding tissue scraping of tissue surrounding the vaginal opening or irate of the vagina introduction of corrosive substances or herbs into the vagina to cause bleeding or for the purposes of tightening or narrowing it and any other procedure that falls under the commentary of female genital mutilation above (Reyners).The origins of the practice are relatively dark. Theres no panache of knowing the origins of FGM (female genital mutilation), it appears in many diverse cultures, from Australian aboriginal tribes to different African societies, states medical historian David Gollaher, president and CEO of the California Healthcare Institute. There is a reference to it on the sarcophagus of Sit-hedjhotep, dating back to the Egypts Middle Kingdom. The inscription says But if a man wants to know how to live, he should recite (a magical spell) every day, after his flesh has been rubbed with the b3d (an unknown substance) of an uncircumcised girl and the flakes of skin of anuncircumcised bald man (Knight, pp317). The English explorer William cooke reported in 1799 that infibulation was carried out on the slaves, coming from Egypt, to prevent pregnancy. Traders simply paying(a) a higher price for women who were infibulated. Slave patterns across Africa account for the patterns of female genital mutilation found there. Egypt and Africa are not the only continents that have a tarradiddle of female genital mutilation.Gynecologists in 19th century Europe and the unify States would remove the clitoris for various reasons, including treating masturbation, because they believed that masturbation caused physical and mental disorders (Rodriguez, p323) Isacc Baker Brown was an English gynecologist who believed that the unnatural irritation of the clitoris caused epilepsy, hysteria and mani a. A paper that was written in 1985 and published in the Obstetrical and gynecological Survey says that the last clitoridectomy was performed in the United States in the 1960s to treat hysteria, erotomania and lesbianism (Cutner, p135) The practice of female genital mutilation is most common in the western, eastern, and north-eastern voice of Africa, in some countries in Asia and the Middle East (WHO). There are currently 27 countries in sub-Saharan and Northeast Africa, and immigrant communities, which still perform female genital mutilation. Countries such(prenominal) as Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan are predominantly Type 3. The list of health complications that arise from female genital mutilation is very extensive.There are no health benefits and it rooted in gender inequality, ideas about purity, and is an attempt to control a womans sexuality. Immediate complications can include sever pain, shock, bleeding, tetanus or sepsis, urine retention, open sores in the genital region and injury to nearby genital tissue. African Women.Org state that the long depot consequences from the procedure are Repeated urinary infection because of the narrowing of the urinary outlet which prevents the complete emptying of urine from the bladder. Extremely painful menstruation due to the buildup of urine and blood in the uterus leading to inflammation of the bladder and internal sexual organs. establishment of scars and keloid on the vulva wound. The growth of dermoid cysts which may result in abscesses. Formation of fistula the rupture of the vagina and/or uterus.Vulval abscesses.Severe pain during intercourse which may consist of physical discomfort andpsychological traumatization. Difficult child birth which in case of long and obstructed labour may lead to foetal death and brain damage of the infant. In the case of infibulation acute and continuing pelvic infection leading to infertility and/or tubal pregnancy. Accumulation of blood and blood clot s in the uterus and/or vagina. Physical short term and long term complications are not the only result from female genital mutilation. Mental anguish can result from this brutal procedure. When Waris Dirie was about v years old, she was left in a makeshift shelter under a tree for several days to recover from her operation. She was told that God treasured her to do this and she wondered why God hated her so much. When she was thirteen, her father wanted her to marry a man in his 60s.Waris ran across the dessert to Mogadishu where she lived with relatives until she do it London and lived with her aunt. Whilst in London, a photographer spotted her and she became a supermodel, appearing in Chanel campaigns and was in the James Bond film The Living Daylights (Saner). Wariss popularity and situation helped to give her a voice and she went public in 1997 in a magazine interview, to tell the world about what happened to her and her aspiration to stop female genital mutilation. Waris me ans Desert Flower, a flower that can endure even the roughest of climates. She started a foundation named Desert Flower that seeks to end the crime of female genital mutilation by raising public awareness, creating networks, organizing events and educational programs. Her foundation Desert Flower also supports victims of female genital mutilation. Last month, in Berlin, she opened the first of what volition be several medical centers to offer help to women who have suffered from female genital mutilation. Waris Dirie isnt the only one that is opposed to female genital mutilation. Others, such as the World Health Organization, have been working to educate woman on their rights to their own bodies. Many laws have been enacted to protect these women, but few rear by these laws.Eighteen countriesBenin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Cte dIvoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Togohave ena cted laws criminalizing female genital mutilation. The penalties range from a minimum of one-third months to a maximum of life in prison. Several countries also impose monetary fines. The Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act of 1985 made female genital mutilation illegal inEngland and in Wales. However, there is evidence that people used a loophole to take young girls abroad temporarily to carry out the procedure. In the United States, Cornell University Law drill teaches that Except as provided in subsection, whoever knowingly circumcises, excises, or infibulates the whole or any part of the labia majora or labia minora or clitoris of some other person who has not attained the age of 18 years shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both. There are those out there that are for female genital mutilation. Many people from communities that practice it say that it is rooted in local culture and that the tradition has been passed from one generation to another.Culture and the preservation of cultural identity serve as the underlying impetus for continuing the practice. Many women will be social pariahs if they dont go through the ritual. They cannot attend any public outing or funeral. If they children, they too will be outcast. roughly of those who support female genital mutilation also justify it on grounds of hygiene and aesthetics, with notions that female genitalia are dirty and that a girl who has not undergone the procedure is unclean. The women that oppose the end of female genital mutilation compare it breast enlargements or rhinoplasty. They ask why is okay for these women to change and shape their bodies to look the way that they want them to? The answer, simply, is that these procedures are a womens choice. They are eighteen years old and chose to have these procedures done to them. Female genital mutilation is child abuse and a violation of the basic human rights of women. The more we know about this procedure, th e more we can do to put an end to it.ReferencesConsequences of FGM. African Women Organisation. N.p., 2009. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. . Cornell University Law School 18 USC 116 Female Genital Mutilation. LII. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. . Cutner, L.P. Female genital mutilation Pg 135. July 1985. Web. 18 Oct. 2013 http/ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Female Circumcision. Skoll World Forum. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. . Female Genital Cutting Fact Sheet. Womenshealth.gov. N.p., 15 Dec. 2009. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. . Female Genital Mutilation. WHO. World Health Organization, Feb. 2013. Web. 16 Oct. 2013. . Gollaher, David Discovery News. DNews. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2013. .Knight, Mary. Curing Cut or Ritual Mutliation. Chicago Journal 92.2 (2001) n. pag. JSTOR. June 2001. Web. 16 Oct. 2013. . Lightfoot-Klein, Hanny Erroneous Belief Systems Underlying Female Genital Mutilation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Template. University of Maryland, 22 May 1994. Web. 16 Oct. 2013. . Pruthi, Priyanka. Child Protection from Violence, Exploitation and Abuse. UNICEF. N.p., 22 July 2013. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. . Reyners, Marcel. Health Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation. Health Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation 4.4 (2004) 243. Health Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation. Dec. 2004. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. . Rodriguez, Sarah W. Project MUSE Rethinking the History of Female Circumcision and female circumcision American Medicine and Female Sexuality in the Late Nineteenth Century. Rethinking the History of Femle Circumcision and Clitoridectomy 63.3 (2008) 323-47. Project MUSE Rethinking the History of Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy American Medicine and Female Sexuality in the Late Nineteenth Century. July 2008. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. . Saner, Emine. Waris Dirie Female Genital Mutilation Is Pure Violence against Girls The Guardian. N.p., 14 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. .

Evaluate the Assessments You Have Carried Out, Stating Whether You Believe They Were Fair, Valid and Reliable

Evaluate the assessments you have carried verboten, stating whether you weigh they were fair, valid and reliable. During the Skype assessments I carried extinct on 2 learners, who are studying the nvq train 2 in customer services. My job was to observe the 2 learners and assess their ability, and then match against the criteria set for the units which I was observing them for. For both of my learners there are a number of assessment methods I have tried, in order to meet their learning ability. From doing these assessments I have understood where my weaknesses, strengths are, along with the learners.Personal instruction I started tally by asking them to relieve in their own words, how do you maintain a positive and customer friendly attitude, and how you communicate in effect with customers? By them completing these individualized statements, it gives me an understanding that they know what their job role is. As these deuce points which they have written about in their wor ds, are the both units. Basically what I have asked them to do is sum up in their own words what they have understood from the units. I believe that by assessing learners through this method, it is a fair, valid, and reliable.This is because I know the learners, and the information which they have written about is valid because it is in their own words, from their own understanding. However there may too by the disadvantage of doing a personal statement. This is because I believe that there may be a possibility that a personal statement could be written by someone else, as there is no validity and proof of this being created by the learner him/herself. However I have followed these personal statements with questions which brought me to the conclusion, that my learners personal statement is valid, fair and reliable.Observation I also used the observation method to assess my learners. I asked my learners to carry out tasks which they have to do, in conjunction with their daily work routine. I observed my learners as they made calls externally and internally, which showed me how favorable their communications skills are. They called customers and discussed issues which they were having, whilst I was observing their note of assistance. I believe that this method is fair, valid and reliable, because I can see, hear and also take notes whilst they are carrying out the tasks.From my experience I think that this method of assessment is very good as it gives the assessor a wider choice of observing. But at the same time I would say that it also is not so good, as the results may not be correct. Sometimes the learners may not respond accurately, as they may note embarrassed, they may not feel too well, and there are other various reasons. Oral questions At the end of the assessment, and also during the assessment, I stopped my learners and asked various questions.Sometimes I asked questions relating to what they were public speaking of, for example, one of my lea rners was talking about CRM, and I had no idea regarding this. So I asked her to explain about it. In a similar way I asked them questions relating to the fly the coop. I think the assessments are fair, valid and reliable as they are put on the spot, and answering these questions shows their understanding and capability of the course. Written Questions/Case sketch As part of the assessment, I sent a couple of questions which they had to answer in a time limit of 20 minutes.These questions were to determine their skills around the course and their practicality of work. I selected these questions from the criteria of the units which I was assessing them on. These questions are knowledge based, which means that they had to answer in detail, explaining their views and choices. In a same way I set a example study for the learners, where I gave them a scenario, and at the end asked them questions regarding the scenario. Whatever the answers were, the learners had to explain why they ch ose this answers.I believe this method of assessment is fair, valid and reliable, this is because the learners must write answers from their own understanding of the unit. But along with this, m whatever times learners get the feeling to cheat. However I have carried out some questions which made me believe that the answers were valid. Discuss whether the assessments went well and what would you do differently next time I believe that the overall assessment itself went well, as I came to conclusion after carrying out each method of assessment.I asked my learners to do a personal statement, writing in their own words relating to the unit. Although this is a good way to get an understand of the learners ability, I strongly feel that rather, I should ask them the question, and they answer me, which I could then write down. I believe both observations are really good method of assessing the learner, as i just watched and noted what they were doing, and didnt indispensability to interfe re with their task. But I believe that a Skype method may not be so well, as I felt the learner may not have been so comfortable with this.This is because I could see her, where as she could not see what I was doing. This then becomes a barrier to both sides communicating effectively. So I think that next time when an assessment takes place, both sides should be able to see what both sides are doing. I dont think my oral questions were so good, I believe they were straight forward and palmy to answer. This is because I had less time to prepare the actual assessment itself. And I believe that if I had more time then I could have constructed these questions more complex, which then could be more challenging for the learners.I think that next time I plan for these methods of assessments, I should create a good series of questions, which could give me a better understanding of the learners knowledge. As for the written question and the case study, although I believe they are strong methods of assessment, as they allow the assessor to evaluate the learners knowledge. I also think that sometimes learners may take advantage of being distant and cheat. I believe that these methods of assessments should be carried out whilst the assessor is watching via Skype. Identify any learning points for your own development.From the feedback received from my tutor, I believe there are two main points which need to be developed before the next assessment, as they relate directly to assessments. The first learning and development point that I need to work towards is the grammar and spelling of my work. I need to make sure that all my work is proof read before sending of for marking. Although this has been my weakness, and I have been aware to always keep this in mind. I believe that this happens due to me rushing through everything. So I believe that if take everything one step at a time, it could reduce the grammatical errors.I could also reduce this by always proof training work, which would highlight the errors. On a development note which has come to me newly, is the pick of words. I have been told by my tutor that the feedback you gave included the term sweet to describe the communication of one of the candidates. My tutor advised me that I must be on the safe side and avoid these terms, as they are deemed offensive. I believe that this is true and I could work towards improving this, where next time I should think of the words I select before giving feedback.Explain how you pass on continue your professional development to ensure occurrent expertise and competency in your own vocational area as well as assessing. I will use my CPD plan in order to ensure that my current expertise and new experiences are brought to real practice. Every time my tutor, or my colleagues who monitors my every lesson gives me feedback on what I can improve, I put that in my personal development plan. I then try and implement those, and once I have achieved this I tick on the plan. For example, I have been informed more than twice by my colleagues to always go back to lesson objective whilst teaching.I also have been informed by my tutor about my grammar and proof reading my work. So I have created a note on my plan, and now that I have put this action into practice I have ticked off this note. Now until I bring proofreading fully into practice, i will not tick this off. I will be using my CPD plan to note any improvements which I need to make, and then as an outcome assess if that objective has been met. I will continue to practice until this objective has been met, and once it has I will tick this objective off. By following this CPD plan, it will enhance me in my expertise and advance my skills.

Detroit Electric Essay

1. What organizational social organisation do you believe is being used to produce Detroit voltaic vehicles? Detroit Electric concentrates theirs efforts on research and victimisation of the motor, vehicle design, marketing and distribution. The company does not produce cars the actual manufacturing of cars is outsourced. From the case I conclude that technology design is the core work of Detroit Electric. Technology changes rapidly and therefore Detroit Electric has to be flexible in conditions of change and uncertainty.Technical excellence and efficient use of resources is the key to compete and to repeal wastage as the cost of R&D is high. Based upon the above observation, I believe that the organizational structure used is the matrix model. 2. How has differing organizational structures influenced the pace of development between these two companies? Ford and Detroit Electric are both car companies. The major difference is that Ford manufactures cars whereas Detroit Electric does not. Fords organizational structure will most likely resemble other manufacturers structure, i. e. functional departmentalization.A major disadvantage of this structure is that because specialists are working with and encouraging each other in their areas of expertise and interest, organizational goals may be sacrificed in favor of departmental goals hence, the inability to coordinate efforts amongst competing department to achieve the goal of producing electric vehicles. Detroit Electrics matrix structure on the other hand gives the organization the flexibility to respond to challenges faster in conditions of change and uncertainty hence their congeneric pace (fast)in developing electric cars.3. What issues may arise from this cooperative arrangement of international companies? The first issue is control. How does Detroit Electric ensure that their exact specifications are pass offed by their licensees? Regular audits will have to be conducted and these audits are costly. W ho will bear responsibility if problems arise (faulty products) due to failure of any of its licensees do not follow procedures? The second issue is differences in objectives. For example, Detroit Electrics performance and quality standards objectives may differ from their licensees.

Dhl Introduction

- DHL picture From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia DHL redirects here. For other uses, seeDHL (disambiguation). DHL establish Deutsche persuade AG Type Division Industry Express Logistics Founded 1969 Headquarters Bonn,Germany Key people Ken Allen (CEO, Chairman)1 Adrian Dalsey(co-founder) Larry Hillblom(co-founder) Robert Lynn (co-founder) Products DHL Express Worldwide DHL Express 900 DHL Express 1200Owner(s) Deutsche Post DHL Employees 275,000 Website www. dhl. com DHL Expressis adivisionof the German logistics companyDeutsche Post DHLproviding internationalexpress mailservices. Deutsche Postis the worlds largest logistics company operating approximately the world. 2DHL is a world market leader in sea and air mail. 34 Originally founded in 1969 to deliver documents betweenSan FranciscoandHonolulu, the company expanded its service end-to-end the world by the late 1970s.The company was primarily interested in offshore and inter-continental deliveries, but the success ofFedExp rompted their own intra-U. S. expansion starting in 1983. DHL sharply expanded to countries that could not be served by any other delivery service, including theSoviet Union,Eastern Bloc,Iraq,Iran,China,VietnamandNorth Korea. In 1998,Deutsche Postbegan to acquire shares in DHL. It finally reached mass ownership in 2001, and completed the purchase in 2002.Deutsche Post then effectively absorbed DHL into its Express division, while expanding the use of the DHL brand to other Deutsche Post divisions, business units and subsidiaries. Today,DHL Expressshares its well-known DHL brand with other Deutsche Post business units, such asDHL Global ForwardingandDHL Supply Chain. The DHL Express Service has ceased home(prenominal) operations in the United States of America, as of February 2009. 5

High Stakes Testing Essay

Tests ar a precise important tool for cadence achievement therefore, they should be part of a system which provides equitable learning access to all students. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2002 (NCLB) which requires states to set up accountability systems and provide assessment of the students performance in order to receive federal funding accordingly has led to the neces sticky of implementing large-scale interrogatory. The goal of exploitation these types of tribulations apprise be considered praiseworthy if the tests be designed in such a way that all students are tested on a course of instruction they have had a fair opportunity to learn (especially racial and ethnic minority students or students with a disability or limited English proficiency) the tests are scored properly, taking into account that the test scores of those students with limited English skills should be interpreted in accordance with those limitations the tests are used appropriately. For example, a test that has been clear only(prenominal) for diagnosing strengths and weaknesses of individual students should not be used to evaluate the educational quality of a school.The public schools of North Carolina, for example, carry a very postgraduate-stakes accountability political platform known as The New ABCs of Public Education. which has had a major impact on program, instruction, assessment, and school personnel throughout the state. The program requires End-of-Grade Tests (3-8 and 10), End-of-Course Tests (on Algebra I, Algebra II, Biology, Chemistry, Civics & Economics, English I, Geometry, Physical Science, Physics, U. S. History, NCCLAS ), Tests of Computer Skills, Competency Tests, Writing Assessments Grades 4, 7, and 10, IDEA English Language Proficiency Tests.Each North Carolina school, as well as both school in any other state has to give itself an annual report card, with assessment results broken down by poverty, race, ethnicity, High lay on the line interrog ation 2 disability, and English-language proficiency. In this way, the race for more and better information about school performance sets off. More attention should be paid to the quality of info educational authorities receive as it is a fact that there are schools which are painting a picture prettier than reality, thus misleading authorities, taxpayers and what is level(p) worse, keeping students trapped in low quality institutions.Under NCLB, if schools fail to make adequate yearly progress on state tests for three uncoiled years, students can use federal funds to transfer to higher-performing public or private schools, or to obtain supplemental education services from providers of their choice unless this could not be possible if the low-quality institutions they attend remain invisible under misleading reports of pretended excellence.In many districts, raising test scores are the most important indicators of school improvement so teachers feel the pressure to ensure that t est scores go up. Knowing that schools that fail for four to five-spot consecutive years may face state takeovers, have their staffs replaced, or be bid out to private management some teachers narrow the curriculum and teach only what is covered on the test. There are many issues that should be taken into account when it comes to evaluating high stake assessment.One of them is the reliability of high stake tests which is definitely at risk when large subject domains (mathematics, language arts) are measured with relatively few questions and a narrow focus on skills and knowledge. Major decisions like getting a diploma or being promoted to the next grade require a balance of information including in-class performance, interviews, observation, projects, and class work. perchance the most important critical claim is that standardized tests do not measure critical thinking, problem solving, creativity, and other similar important aspects of intelligence. Students who are dead intellig ent can perform poorly in high-stakes testing, and this can have serious consequences for the student as well as his or her school. High Stakes Testing 3 In my opinion, the first of the three most important issues in high stakes testing is the type of test used.Large-scale high-stakes testing programs are primarily focused on serving the goals of norming and selection rather than student curby of content and problem-solving (Pellegrino, Chudowsky, & Glaser, 2001). These two types of testing are almost impossible to reconcile. A second issue of great importance is assessment of learning versus assessment for learning (Stiggins, 2002) There is a distinction between high-stakes testing (assessment of learning) and the shaping assessment techniques that teachers may use throughout the year to foster learning (assessment for learning).In the case of the former, the goal of the test is to measure what students know or can do. In the case of the latter, the goal of the test is to provide information that will improve student learning. The third most important issue is, in my opinion, the test / curriculum adjustment. Appropriate assessments measure the objectives set out at the classroom level and at the same time reflect curriculum (or content) that has been selected to reach the specify objectives.To sum up, any decision about a students continued education, such as retention, tracking, or graduation, should not be based only on the results of a single test, but should include other relevant and valid information. The classroom is the realm of the teacher. State tests do not tell teachers how to teach, they purpose what should be taught, so there is no reason why students cannot learn how to think critically, solve problems or develop their creativity.State tests are taken at the end of the year or course, so teachers have the opportunity to diagnose their students needs and work on their improvement so that by the time they sit for the tests they can feel conf ident and succeed as expected. It is only fair to use test results in high-stakes decisions when students have had a real opportunity to master the materials upon which the test is based and this cannot be achieved without an active and professional teacher.

What Can African Americans Do to Become More Marketable?

What can African Americans do to become to a greater extent salable in this economy? The average African Americans produce by far been significantly un merchantable in comparison to their Average Caucasian counterparts. However, it should be mentioned that there argon some African Americans who are to a fault very commercialiseable in our society. These few successful and marketable African Americans know and apply key principles in marketing themselves. This is the difference that separates the unmarketable and marketable African American.However, there are ways for the unmarketable African Americans to become more marketable in the global economy. In this essay, I leave alone exclusively be discussing seven of those major ways. African Americans can become more marketable if they develop a highly impressive resume prepare to figure in the global economy become technologically savvy are flexible in job expectations improve on interview skills network sagely and improve on his or her interview skills.The first thing that African Americans who call for to become more marketable should do is attend college or university and lease a challenging major. This is because it is important to have at least a Bachelors degree in beau monde to get a meaningful job that will bring any kind of success to ones life. After attending University one should develop a highly impressive resume. An impressive resume that documents evidence of pedantic excellence, demonstrated leadership, well developed social skills, and personal initiative will definitely get the attention of corporate recruiters and hiring managers.It is also important to participate in the global economy. oneness can do this by becoming familiar with another language. Becoming familiar with at least one of the major languages that are involved in international commerce such as Japanese, Spanish, or Chinese is enough to put one head and shoulders above his or her peers. One should also try to become mo re technologically savvy because the advancements in Information Technology affect almost every academic and occupational profession.In order to become more technologically savvy, one should try to take a few computer or internet-related courses and also read professional journals in his or her field that has a technological slant. African Americans should also try not to limit him or herself by having predetermined notions about the size of the company that they want to work for or their exact job title or starting salary.This is because in doing so employers may not be very welcoming. To be as marketable as possible an African American should indicate to prospective employers that they are flexible to employment and career advancement. In order to be marketable African Americans should also improve on interviewing skills. This can be done by reading books and articles on interviewing and also by attending career military position office tutorials and work shops on interviewing.An other way to work on interviewing skills is to role play with soul and have them videotape the session. It is also of utmost importance for African Americans who want to become more marketable network wisely and mentor with someone successful in his or her career field. Professional networking can pay an individual to meet successful professionals in his or her field that can alert him or her to whats available in the hidden job market of which he or she may not have otherwise known about.Networking is also important because the more people who know about ones career by-line and can speak favorably of him or her, the more desirable he or she will be to other prospective employers. African Americans should mentor with someone successful in his or her field, this is because it is career enhancing to mentor with someone who has achieved distinction in the African Americans academic/occupational field and is instinctive to offer career guidance and support. A well connected mentor c an sponsor his or her membership in one or more prestigious organizations.Listing these associations on ones resume can enhance his or her written credentials and give him or her a bit of a competitive bunt in job hunting. In conclusion, the average African American can become more marketable if he or she is willing to learn and class period the ways that the marketable use to become more marketable. These ways/principles are quite easy to follow and anyone can implement them. However, one needs to be dedicated, ambitious, and hard-working in his or her endeavors.

Analysis of Toyota’s Marketing Strategy Essay

Surendra Bhandari1 in stock(predicate) at http//papers. ssrn. com/sol3/papers. cfm? abstract_id=1624068 Abstract Toyota was schematic in 1937 in japan. First m it introduced its product Corona in the US in 1965. By the 70s, Toyota was the better(p)-selling import strike dour in the US. During the 80s, it started manu featureuring vehicles in the US. In cc6, it had globosely scram the second largest railcar seller and third largest car sellers in the US having to a greater extent(prenominal) than fifteen sh be securities industry sh ar. It is estimated that by 2008 it is going to be the bout angiotensin-converting enzyme car producer and seller two in the US and across the world.This profound achievement of Toyota is associated with its to the highest degree dependable merchandise strategy. The case of Toyota notably proves that how substantial is food grocery store strategy in the life of a comp some(prenominal) to be a market leader. 1. Mission Toyotas expl osive charge statement is as follows To sustain sustainable evolution by providing the opera hat customer experience and dealer support. (Toyota, 2007) Customer satisfaction is the driving force for Toyota, which inspires it to provide the highest quality products and serve. Kaizen is a word that Toyota upholds, which means continual improvement of its applied science, products, and services.In short, Kaizen for customer satisfaction is Toyotas mission. Toyota supercharge explains its mission as follows 1 Dr. Bhandari can be contacted at bhandarisurendragmail. com Around here our appreciates argon secure like yours. We are hard working. We are active in community. We are creating jobs. We celebrate our diversity. We are twist cleaner greener cars. And this is just the beginning. (Toyota, 2007) 2. Distinctive Compe ecstasycies Among others, leash classifiable competencies of Toyota are remarkable. These distinctive competencies appeal the consumers, build corporate trus t with them, and make them satisfied.These competencies are as follows i. Popular Economy Car Toyota is best known for popular economy car. It has successfully mark the concept of popular economy car, by producing cars matching to the concept. It has conglomerateed its success by selling the concept to the consumer. It has besides become profoundly successful in segmenting, targeting, and posture. As a result, based on the pricing reports generated by over ten million visitors, out of back ten cars, three are Toyotas Toyota Camry (No. 2), Toyota Corolla (No. 4), and Toyota Avalon (No. 8). (Kelly Blue Book, 2007) It produces eight varieties of cars.Among them, the prices for the four varieties cars range 10,000. 00 US $, three varieties range 15,000. 00 US $, and one variety ranges s lightheadedly over 20,000. 00 US $. ii. Cutting-edge Technology Toyota simply did not obstruction to the concept of popular economy car. This concept could have easily turned into product matu rity and decline. But Toyota continuously engaged in improving applied science design, looks, comfort, fuel efficiency, environmental friendliness, and other adept improvements. For example, Toyota Corolla was eldest of all introduced in Japan in 1966 and in the US in 1968 as a first propagation Toyota Corolla.Since then roughly in every three years it is existence developed and marketed in a crude vex. By 2006, tenth generation of Toyota Corolla was already launched with significant technological improvements. Toyotas crown of thorns cars can be taken as another example. It started producing crisscross cars in 1995 however till 1999 Japan was 1 the moreover market for its hybrid cars. Coming to 2005, it became successful to capture a large testicle of US market. Today, it is selling almost seventy five percent of its hybrid cars completely in the US market. iii. Low Operating Cost Why consumers purchase Toyota?The simple answer is that Toyotas cars are distinctive wit h the properties of low operating cost. For example, a survey carried out by Toplin Strategy Group in 2007 has revealed that 73% of Prius owners had bought Toyota Prius beca single-valued function of financial incentive to purchase the vehicle such as lower sticker price or lower operating cost than other choices. (Marketing Green, 2007) Similarly, based on 45% highway driving and 55% city driving with annual 15,000 miles Toyota Prius has been proved to be the most fuel cost- telling car than any of its competitors such as Honda Civic Hybrid, Ford Escape Hybrid, and Lexus GS 450.(Fuel Economy, 2008). 3. Trends / Conditions Among many other factors, demand for energy efficient and greener cars, demand for low operating cost, and demand for high level of safety and comfort are the most significant factors that are influencing the trends and conditions of automobile marketplace. Todays automobile sector can be best described as one of the sectors that are trying utmost to respond thes e important marketplace demands. establish on these demands, in that location is both good and bad news for the auto industry, including for Toyota.Good news is that there is surprisingly robust vehicle sale in the market. The bad news is that some of the leading automakers are shedding thousands more jobs. Some of the automakers are also projecting beatward market trends. These trends are important because, automobiles are responsible for 13. 3 million US jobs, and US $ 675 one thousand thousand revenue enhancement in the US economy. 2 On a year-on-year basis, Toyota gross gross sales has surged 10. 5%, General Motors Corp. has showed a year-on-year improvement posting 12.1% sales gain, and Chrysler has taken a 15% year-on-year sales dive, whereas Ford Motor Co. has stayed mostly flat, down 0. 5%. In terms of global sales, Toyota is in second position following GM. In terms of sales in the US market, Toyota is in third position having 14. 9% of market conducts in 2006. Unio n of have-to doe with scientists in their 2007 report state that Toyota has regained second place overall in the environmental rankings as salubrious and is the only automaker to make consistent improvements on its global warming score since 2001.Toyota has the best global warming per gradationance in six out of ten classes and better than average performance in the rest. If past trends continue, Toyota may overtake Hondas global warming score within two years. Doing so bequeath require continued investment in hybrids. Globally, 53 millions new cars are interchange in 2007. Out of them, 15. 9 millions are sold alone in the US. In 2007, approximately the world, it is estimated that there will be 806 million cars and light trucks on the road, out of them 244 million will be in military operation in the US alone.Currently, these vehicles burn nearly 260 billion gallons of fuel yearly and by 2020, the number of cars and light trucks is estimated to reach above 1 billion. The years of 2004 through 2007 will long be remembered as a pivotal period in the automobile industry as during this period gasoline prices started a ocean change among US consumers that is finally creating a significant demand for fuel efficient vehicles. As a result, this has lead to the phenomenal demand for Toyotas Prius hybrid car.Responding to the demands of consumers Toyota has expanded its investments in Georgetown, Kentucky prepare to enable to build 48,000 hybrid cars yearly. Ford launched its first hybrids, and other carmakers, including GM, were greatly encouraged in their own efforts to bring more hybrids to the market. However, response to hybrids from U. S. makers has been lukewarm at best. Consumers 3 generally arent as impressed with U. S. hybrid technology as they are with that of Toyota models. In short, while the US based Big Three struggle, Toyota is being more strategic.It has increased its capacity to manufacture over 1. 5 million vehicles yearly in North America. On a global scale, the company plans to sell 10. 4 million vehicles by 2009, up from 8. 8 million in 2006. The big news is that Toyota is most likely surpassing GM in global sales by 2008, making Toyota the worlds largest carmaker. 4. Organizational Objectives Toyota has set seven fundamental objectives. Among them, to dedicate in providing clean and safe products and enhance the quality of life everywhere through better production and services is the main objective of Toyota.Similarly, its other objectives are to honor the law, language and culture of every nation with dependable corporate activities contri furthere to economic and social phylogeny of communities around the world through corporate activities bring forth and develop advanced technologies and provide outstanding products and services to customers foster individuals creativity and teamwork value pursue growth through innovative attention and work with business partners for mutual benefits. To achieve these objective s and their effective implementation, it has clearly set fourteen principles that are widely considered as Toyotas Ways.Based on these principles, Toyota takes management decisions on a long-term philosophy, even at the expenses of a short-term financial goal. It believes in a continuous process flow to bring problems to the surface, uses visual control so that no problems are hidden, uses drag system to avoid overproduction, and works like tortoise and not the hare. It standardizes the tasks and processes as the foundation for continuous improvement and empowers employees by which it further enhances its ability to use only reliable and thoroughly tested technology that serves the customers. 4.Similarly, its organizational objectives are further substantiated by its idea of developing exceptional people and teams who follow the philosophy of Toyota, respect the profit of partners and suppliers, and learn from the practices. It believes in making decisions slowly by consensus thor oughly considering all options and once the decisions are taken, it implements the decisions rapidly. On top of that, by becoming a learning organization through relentless reflection and continuous improvement of its products and services, Toyota can be exemplified as a case that has achieved its organizational objectives successfully.5. Strategic Business whole Toyota offers energy efficient, green, and popular economy cars, SUVs/Vans, hybrids, and light trucks with safety and comfort measures in place. It produces more than two twelve varieties of products. All of its products are globally very popular. Its products are sold in over 200 countries across the globe. On top of that, the US is the biggest market for Toyota. For example, till 2006 it had sold more than 7 million Toyota Corollas alone in the US. In the financial year 2006-07, in consolidated terms, it sold its products of 226. 06 billion US $ (23,948.00 billion yen) and earned gelt income of 15. 17 billion US $ (1,644 . 0 billion yen). (Toyota, 2006) In 2006, Toyota was engaged in a variety of projects designed to solidify its foundations while continuing to grow. On the product front in any event its two dozen already launched products, Lexus has launched its new flagship model, the LS, and the new global Camry went on sale. In manufacturing, several new projects were started around the world. In May 2006, manufacturing of the Camry began in Guangzhou, China, while in the United States, the Kentucky plant, which in October 2006 celebrated 20 years of production, has started manufacturing the first Toyota hybrid vehicle to be make in North America, the Camry Hybrid.In November 2006, the Texas plant began producing the new Tundra truck, a key vehicle in Toyotas North American lineup. 5 In Japan, Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. has begun full-scale operations at its engine factory, and Toyota Motor Tohoku Co. , Ltd. has increased its manufacturing capacity. In human resources development sector, followin g the establishment of the Asia Pacific Global Production optic in Thailand in August 2005, Toyota has naturalized the North American Production fondness in the U.S. in February 2006, and the europiuman Global Production Center in the United Kingdom in March 2006. Established as branches of the Global Production Center in Japan, these were created to spread Toyotas manufacturing knowledge and skills passim the world in pace with the rapid growth of Toyotas overseas manufacturing. In R&D side, Toyota has focused its efforts on three key areas environment, safety, and energy. It has made a special effort in the area of the environment by expanding its lineup of hybrid vehicles, and has worked on R&D relating to plug-in hybrid.In addition, as part of Toyotas efforts to respond to the diversification of energy, in 2007 Toyota has introduced a flex fuel vehicle in the Brazilian market that will run on snow% bio-ethanol fuel. From this point on, based on the philosophy of providing the right car, in the right place, at the right time, and in accordance with the infrastructure and customer needs of each region, Toyota is striving for promoting efforts to develop environmentally friendly technology and vehicles. 6. capital of Massachusetts Consulting Group Matrix Based on the Boston Matrix, the market situation of Toyota is Healthy.To support this statement, three products are chosen here Camry, Prius, & Corolla. These all fall into the category of sensory faculty as they are place high market treat and high market growth. All these three products are well completed and the growth is exciting. These are creating fantastic opportunities. The only challenge is Toyota needs to maintain its Stars. And, it seems that for at least a couple of years Toyota will maintain its Stars. 6 Toyota Corolla It is a compact car, very popular throughout the world since it was first introduced in 1966.In 1997 it became the bestselling car in the world in 2004 it was the number one selling car in the US in its segment with over 30 million sold as of 2007. In the US alone, more than 7 million Toyota Corolla cars have been sold. Over the past 40 years, one Toyota Corolla car has been sold on average every 40 seconds. Today, it is manufactured in 16 countries in the world. It has been almost steadfast in face-lifting each generation after two years, and replacing it with an all-new model every four year.As a result, it has brought in market its 10th generation model in 2006 in Japan and has been introduced to the US market since October 2007. This product strategy of Toyota Corolla has helped it to be continuously in the Star quadruple. Toyota Camry It is a mid-size car manufactured in the US, Australia, China, and Japan. In some markets, the top range Camry models are seen as executive cars. The Camry has been the bestselling car in the US, its largest consumer market, for nine of the last ten years starting in 1997, with the only exception in 2001.The firs t generation Camry was introduced in 1983 and in 2007 the sixth generation Camry has been introduced. The sixth-generation Toyota Camry is the first generation in which it has been available as a gasoline/electric hybrid. EPA fuel economy estimates for the 2007 Toyota Camry Hybrid 38 MPG in city and 40 MPG on highway. Toyota Prius It is a hybrid electric vehicle and one of the first such vehicles to be massproduced and marketed. The Prius first went on sale in Japan in 1997, and worldwide in 2001. By the end of 2003, nearly 160,000 units had been produced for sale in Japan, Europe, and North America.The Prius has won several awards, including the Car of the yr Japan in 1997/98, the North American Car of the Year 2004, and the European Car of the Year 2005. EPA has late revised environmental standards and the Prius 2007 has been acknowledged as the most fuel efficient car sold in the US. Its market share in the US is growing each year. In 7 2000, Prius market share in the US was ve ry negligible but by 2005 out of its total sale the US alone had consumed about seventy percent. 7. Organizational Strategy for Growth Toyota has already got market over 200 countries across the globe.Only in 2006, it sold 8. 52 million of its products and has planned to be a number one car producing and selling company by 2008. This ambitious strategy of market penetration is associated with its proficient demographic and psychographic segmentation and targeting. It has successfully got high level of positioning in the mind of the consumers with its brand and distinctive competencies as discussed above disseminating through integrated market communication (IMC) techniques. Toyota has diversified its product with a brand of right car in the right place.For example, it has introduced a flex fuel vehicle in the Brazilian market that will run on 100% bio-ethanol fuel. It has introduced hybrid electric car (Prius) mostly for the market in the US, Japan, and EU. On top of that in each tw o year it improves looking of its product and in each four year transforms model into new one. By upholding this strategy of product development, Toyota has become successful in managing product life cycle, more specifically it introduces product and keeps the product growing without letting them to be matured and decline.Its exceptional organizational strategy for growth is importantly nurtured by its strategy working with around 522 subsidiaries around the world and successfully creating a wider market chain around the globe. Another way of Toyotas organizational strategy for growth is that it reads the public mind through its research department that monitors the industry and keeps tabs on demographic and economic developments. Its mission to predict consumer trends and create a lineup of cars and trucks to capitalize on them. separately professional is expected to spend time out in the field talking 8 to car buyers.The Japanese have a name for it genchi genbutsu go to the scen e and confirm the actual happenings. 8. Market section While looking at the market share of Toyota in the US market since 1980 to 2006, it is realized that its market share is continuously growing. For example, in the 80s Toyotas market share in the US was about 5% and that has risen to above 15% by 2006. So in a twenty-five years time Toyota has outstandingly tripled its market share in the US. On the other hand, market share of its three study competitors GM, Ford, and Chrysler is gradually declining. In the 80s GMs market share in the US was above xlv percent.But by 2006 GMs market share has shrunk to 24%. Similarly, in the 80s Ford had more than twenty-three percent market share but by 2006 its market share has come down to sixteen percent. By being successful in increasing market share, Toyota has become the worlds most profitable automaker. In 2006, it sold 2. 5 million cars and trucks in the US market alone. Because, Toyota is already bigger than Chrysler in the US and is a bout to pass Ford by 2008, Toyotas presence in the US is now so prominent that the 3,322 business leaders surveyed by Fortune have named Toyota as one of Americas most admired companies.On the financial side, Toyotas net revenue for the fiscal year 2007 is 23. 94 trillion yen, which is an increase of 13. 8 percent compared to the fiscal year of 2006. In 2007, its operating income has increased by 19. 2 percent to 2. 23 trillion yen. Its net income has increased by 19. 8 percent to 1. 64 trillion yen. All of these figures marked record high. It is estimated that the consolidated vehicle sales for the fiscal year 2008 will be 8. 89 million units. The revenue for the fiscal year 2008 is estimated to be 25. 00 trillion yen.While we compare its net income from 2004 to 2006, it is clearly shown that its net income is increasing each year. For example its net 9 income for the year 2004 was 1,162,998 million yen that increased to 1,171,260 million yen in 2005, and in 2006 that further incre ased to 1,372,180 million yen. 9. Elements of Marketing Strategy Toyotas segmentation and target market is guided by its philosophy of right car in the right place. Toyota has employed both demographic and psychographic form of multiple segmentations and targeted its market on that basis.For example, it has segmented all the countries across the globe as its market. But has also identified its focused market such as the US, Canada, EU, Australia, China, India, and Indonesia. On top of that US is its first antecedence being the biggest market. It is because, US consumes almost 30% of its products. Its products range with different prices from US $ 10,000. 00 to 30,000. 00 plus. The economy class cars are targeted to lower and middle level income people and the luxury cars are targeted to higher middle and higher income multitude people.With a variety of product attributes it targets different age group and professional groups of people. For example, for turn people it has sport ca rs. For environmentally sensitive people it has Prius environmentally green car. Likewise, it has offered 100% bio-ethanol fuel car in Brazil, where is bio-ethanol potential. Likewise, those who are truck lovers or professional who need trucks, it offers them different variety of trucks. In fact, its selling strategy segmentation, targeting, and positioning is nurtured by its variety of offers and product attributes.Further, it has designed its market strategy at different levels global level, regional level, and national level based on the assessment of customer needs and choices. Toyota focuses its products in market with comfort, kindness, and excitement. Toyota claims that its products conciliate ecology and emotions. One of the key factors for designing segmentation and targeting, Toyotas analysis is always based on the condition of market, economy, purchasing 10 capacity, and consumers choices. Based on these factors Toyota is launching its global motorization strategy wi th leading-edge technology.Likewise, Toyota has upheld a very strong promotional strategy using integrated market communication (IMC) tool. On top of that, Toyota blog (http//blog. toyota. com) is another very successful mechanism of advertising and promotion. On its blog, Toyota closely pays attention to the voices of its customers and provides responses to a large amount of inquiry. 10. Elements of Market Planning Toyota has adopted three important elements in its market planning green, safety, and low operating cost. Being based on these three important factors, Toyota has become successful to garner the market opportunity.On the whole, there seem more opportunities for Toyota than threats. However, there are some threats that cannot be denied. Opportunities Toyotas market share is growing each year. From about 5 percent market share in 1986, it has acquired more than 15 percent market share in the US in 2006. Its competitors market share is declining each year, which is the bi ggest opportunity for Toyota. Toyota and its competitors have similar segmentation and targeting but in creating positioning Toyota has come off much ahead than its competitors because of its products attributes.Further, it is also ahead of its competitors in technology front. For example, it is the first automobile producer that introduced hybrid in the market. Today, the market share for its hybrid is growing exponentially. At the same time, hybrid products of its competitors are not successful. Threats Besides opportunities in the marketplace, Toyotas most illustrated product Prius has not got much success in Europe and its market share is declining in Japan itself. Further, its competitors GM, Ford, and Chrysler have become more strategic and are being focused on 11 from cutting-edge technology to leading-edge technology.Toyota is growing with ambition to pass the GM but still GM is the number one automobile in the US and the globe. 11. Conclusion From the perspective of marke ting strategy, Toyota can be taken as a company that has successfully achieved its mission statement, successfully branded its distinctive competencies, and profoundly achieved its organizational objectives. This success is based on its successful market strategy. This is corroborated by the fact that all of its products studied in this paper (Toyota Corolla, Camry, and Prius) do fall into Star quadruple under the Boston Matrix.In quintessence, it can be said that Toyota is an outstanding case for learning how to build and implement market strategy, get penetration in the market, manage product life cycle, uphold market positioning, best use of integrated market communication (IMC), and branding its product in the mindset of the customer. In short, Toyota is a storied example that proves how important is marketing strategy in the life of a company and managers.References CNNMoney, (2007), Americas Best Car Companies, Mrach 7, 2007 available on http//money. cnn.com/magazines/fortune /fortune_archive/2007/03/19/8402324/index. htm visited on Nov. 20, 2007. Fuel Economy, (2008), 2008 Hybrid Vehicles, available on , http//www. fueleconomy. gov/feg/hybrid_sbs. shtml , visited on Nov. 22, 2007. Kelly Blue Book, (2007), The Most Researched Sedans, available on http//www. kbb. com/kbb/ReviewsAndRatings/default. aspx? trid=3&gclid=CKrS8rHMgI8CFTa oGgodgyqT2wManufacturerId=49&ModelId=286 visited on Nov. 27, 2007. Kotler, Phlipe & Keller,Kevin lane (2006), Marketing Management, Prentice Hall, 12th ed.12 Marketing Green, (2007), Hybrids Shift into the Mass Market, available on http//marketinggreen. wordpress. com/2007/04/29/hybrids-shift-into-the-mass-market/ visited on Nov. 20, 2007. Plunket Research, (2007), Automotive Industry Overview, available on http//www. plunkettresearch. com/Industries/AutomobilesTrucks/AutomobilesandTrucksStatis tics/tabid/90/Default. aspx , visited on Nov. 19, 2007. Spirou, Patricia (2007), Three Step growth in Determining the Market/Position Initiatives in Strategic Planning, available on BB.

Gerontology and Social Exchange Theory Essay

IntroductionThe fundamental biologic problem that every(prenominal) theories of senescence stress to explain was stated very elegantly in 1957 by Williams when he wrote, It is indeed remarkable that after(prenominal) a seemingly miraculous feat of morphogenesis, a complex metazoan should be unable to perform the some(prenominal) simpler task of merely maintaining what is already formed. The difficulty in attempting to establish an understanding of aging is that it is not a single physiological process. It is multifaceted and hierarchical in its expression with subtle motleys occurring simultaneously at the molecular, cellular, thread and organ levels. The smorgasbord of characterizes many species, particularly humans, and the complexity of purlieual fundamental interactions results in an enormous phenotypic variation being associated with aging. This variability is frequently confounded by the symptoms of underlying pathology and invariably increases between unmarrieds wi th aging.First shift of TheoryThe beginning of sociable gerontology began as general perspectives on aging preferably than as actual scientific theories. Prior to 1961, favorable gerontology essay to explain how individuals adjusted to aging from individuala and activity perspectives. Growing old was seen as an inevitable process that led to the development of problems an individual roll in the hay overtime. It wasnt until 1961, with the development of fallback theory, that there was an actual theory being used as a basis for scientific research. A basic assumption of the theory was that all societies have to transplant occasion from an aging population to a younger one. Diseng get on withment attempted to explain this process of power transfer and complimented gerotrancendence, anformer(a) theory from what is considered to be the first transformation of theory. Gerotrancendence follows the beliefs of Jung and Erikson that as a mortal ages, they withdraw from the outs ide(a) world to an internal world focused on spirituality, wisdom, self-acceptance and purpose. Both disengagement and gerotrancendence theories attempted to explain what complaisant gerontologists thought aging should be. They did not try to develop a ecumenic theory to explain the variety of experiences of people as they age (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011).In the case of disengagement, this withdrawal from power was deliberated to be a universal experience that transcended gender and stopping point. Death was inevitable decline in abilities was probably. It was only natural that others would have displace expectations for aging individuals. In the case of gerotrancendence, this withdrawal resulted from an individual not achieving ego identity element. An individual would either urinate this ego identity, a positive regard for their invigoration, or withdraw as a symptom of hopelessness (Andrus gerontology Center University of Southern California, 2005) A third theory of the time p eriod was continuity theory, which postulated that individuals escape to maintain a consistent pattern of behavior as they age, substituting similar types of roles for lost ones and guardianship typical ways of adapting to the environment (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011, p. 319).Individual satisfaction was dependent on how consistent a person was able to maintain the alike patterns of behavior. Though attempting to challenge previous theories based on activity and disengagement perspectives, it also did not brood any personality differences among aging individuals, nor did it address any policy-making, friendly, historical or cultural square offs on the experience of aging (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011). It is interesting to note that though continuity theory attempted to challenge the activity theory, it was similar to the activity perspective that that was a positive relationship between affectionate roles and invigoration satisfaction (Howe, 1987).Alternative Theoretical PerspectivesAlt ernative theories based on a symbolic interaction perspective were positive to address external issues affecting aging while also attempting to connect the different theories of activity and disengagement. Symbolic interaction perspective is based on the premise that as an individual interacts with his environment his experiences of aging are shaped by these interactions. Three of these alternative theories are age stratification theory, kind transfigure theory, and the political hand overnce of aging. There are many similarities and differences between these theories. Age stratification and political economy theories are based on the belief that as people age, the differences in their aging experience is signifi puketly influenced by stratification. Age stratification ac friendships the differences experienced by those sharing a similar history. Similarities among life events and societal changes experienced by these historicalcohorts affect these individuals in similar ways. In stock, political economy theory rejects all previous theories and posits that differences between individual experiences of aging are determined by societal rank. Socioeconomic and political factors determine the disparity between different groups in an aging population. neighborly exchange theory is based on an economic cost-benefit model of social interaction. It could be said that there is a similarity between social exchange and political economy in that disparities experienced are social in nature. Whereas in social exchange theory, an individual is thought to be able to influence or change ones environment as one adapts, political economy believes that inequalities are make into the political system. Political economy critiques the current system which lulls the individual into believing one has to adapt to circumstances, quite than changing societys structural inequalities.Of the alternative theories, social exchange is the only one to address the influence of cultur e on the experience of aging. Social exchange theory believes that people interact with those whom they believe the rewards outweigh the costs of the relationship (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006). Though social exchange theory acknowledges that though a person may no longer have the same economic value when previous(a), that the sometime(a) individual possesses other non-materialistic assets such as wisdom, love, and time for service. As our society modernized, these assets have been overlooked by a culture that now places importance on efficiency and productivity (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011).The Second TransformationThe second transformation was developed in the early 1980s. This transformation includes the following preludees social phenomenology, social causeivism, and social constructionism. Both of which discuss the influence of social perceptions, rather than actual facts. Social phenomenology is an interpretative approach to an individuals social life on a day to day basis. The purpose is to gain a better understanding of the aging process and how it is influenced by social definitions and social structures. This approach can be a very helpful guide when gaining understanding of an individuals social life, depending on how the information is obtained. The outcomes for this approach will be solely based on the interpretations of the individual (s) obtaining this information. Noteveryone has the same social definition and or social structures, which could result in numerous interpretations (Hooyman& Kiyak, 2011). Social Constructionism and Social Constructivism are both phenomenological approaches that focus on social phenomena development, exactly are very different. Social constructionism is the sociological perspective and focuses on the social contexts and structural development.This approach would put one across how an individual structures their life which shapes their old age experiences. Social constructivism is interpreting the meaning of an indi viduals social context, psychologically. From this approach the researchers want to know more than information on why a person chooses a specific context and how an individual does decide a specific social context (Hooyman& Kiyak, 2011). faultfinding Theory and womens liberationist Perspectives are also influenced by phenomenology. Critical theory refers to the biomedical model of aging, except focuses on structural and institution factors. This theory is suggesting that those (older people) participating in research studies should be allowed to come up with the questions they are requested to answer. For instance, research conducted regarding retirement would recommend a series of questions complied by other retirees (Hooyman& Kiyak, 2011). The Feminist Theory concludes that age related research outcomes involve inequalities against women.This theory suggests that women havent been included in research studies as they should be. Its even been stated that men have been favored ov er women. collectible to these inequalities all other theories of aging are insufficient. These inequalities also include gender with race, social class, sexual orientation, and disabilities, all of which arent discussed as much as they should be (Hooyman& Kiyak, 2011). These theories are all based on assumptions, rather than actual facts. The text states, To positivist, phenomenological theories may seem impossible to test and closer to assumptions about meanings than propositions that can be proved or disprove (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011, p. 326).Society has a huge impact on our perceptions of life, which arent consistent and change over time. A huge factor of perception is that its not necessarily reality and lacks turn out facts. If the information being evaluated isnt consistent, lacks factual information, and is based on assumptions it shouldnt be used for practice, but could be a beneficial guiding tool (Hooyman& Kiyak, 2011).Postmodernist TheoryPostmodernist theory represents a decisive break with modernity or a positivist scientific approach to an objective fairness (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011, p. 331). Postmodernism focuses on how our world appears today, rather than focusing on how an individual wishes for the world to be seen. Postmodernist theory reviews the whole of a persons experiences during their life time and examines the body not from a biological standpoint, but rather by everyday social and cultural practices built overtime to construct the identity of the individual. The individual will physically change overtime, but their essential identity develops based on achievements and in store(predicate) goals. An field of battle that continues to develop in postmodernist theory focuses on biomedical technology that can leave options for reconstructing failing body parts to slow the process of aging. Postmodernist and social constructivist theories share the link of knowledge as a socially constructed element and each individuals social life events make believe who they are. This diversity of perspectives alerts social gerontologists to be concerned with the connections between scientific inquiry and the social milieu at particular influential points in time (Putney, Alley, & Bengston, 2005, p. 95).Both areas focus on an individuals construct based on a cultural framework of customs, traditions, and beliefs. Social constructionism and postmodernist take into account how individual experiences alter an individuals aging process allowing the person to develop their own reality. Each area stresses the importance of the individuals social framework to help sustain their self-worth as they age. In contrast to political economy of aging, postmodernists focus on the well-being of an individual not from a social class or political standing, but from their life experiences. Structural factors of gender, sexual orientation, functional ability, race, age and class can have negative effects that limit an individuals later opportunities. According to Hooyman & Kiyak (2011), these structural factors a great deal institutionalized and reinforced by public policylimit the opportunities and choices of later life, resulting in cumulative disadvantages in old age, which are further exacerbated by retirement (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011, p. 323).These differences force aging individuals to change themselves and their lifestyles to fit income, health and physical care policy constraints forcedon them. Increased reduction in public health and social services creates a barrier for individuals to affectively age and receive proper care. Postmodernist theory follows the same framework of individual aging. It develops with the individual to meet their needs on a personal level and takes into circumstance what the body and mind have both gone through as they have aged. According to Powell (2011), older people are usually fixed to roles without resources which does not do justice to the richness of their individual experiences and mu lti-facets of their personalities (Powell, 2001, p. 6). Postmodernism clearly focuses on the importance of an individuals ability to develop overtime through experience and uses biomedicine to provide options for maintaining an individuals physical body. This provides a solid framework for aging that meets the needs of an individual from both physical and mental capacities.ConclusionWhile these are the dominant theories, many other theories are in varying stages of development. In addition, theories are constantly being tested and modified as new information from aging research emerges. It is only in the last half-century that researchers have begun to focus their attention on older adults as a population worthy of special consideration. While earlier theories of aging were few in number, narrowly focused, and generally negative, recent theories have emerged that establish aging as a multidimensional process. These theories view aging as characterized by positive as well as negati ve qualities and are more interactive in nature. They emphasize the interaction of biological, physical, and social factors in each individuals age trajectory, and attempt to explain how older adults can minimize the negative and maximize the positive aspects of aging, in tell apart to more fully enjoy the increased life span that comes with living in the 21st century.ReferencesAndrus Gerontology Center University of Southern California. (2005). The Psychology of Aging Lecture Part II. Retrieved from http//gero.usc.edu/AgeWorks/core_courses/gero500_core/psychology_lect/index_a.htm Hooyman, N. R., & Kiyak, H. A. (2011). Social Gerontology, ninth edition. Boston Allyn and Bacon. Howe, C. Z. (1987). Selected Social Gerontology Theories and Older Adult Leisure Involvement A Review of the

Texting And Driving Essay

I do support in the fact that texting a driving should be considered illegal, mainly for the soul purpose that some(prenominal) volume die because of the distractions on the road that your phone can cause. In the past three days alone, 30 states pick up banned texting spot driving, the only state that has not done it yet is Oklahoma. (Delcour 2) You take up on the news that there are umpteen teenagers now a days that she-bop into simple machine accident why? BECAUSE THEY WERE TEXTING AND DRIVINGLast year, despite assurance by S. C.lawmakers that a texting ban would be passed, obviously it died without coming up for a final vote. (EDITORIAL 6) I live on spate who try to text and drive but we always remind them that there are other people in this sustentation ad unless they want the guilt of their fri closes death due to their carelessness then thats up to them. When I chance behind the wheel of a car I turn my phone to silent and I dont turn it back up until I that car i s stopped and I get out of that car, I dont sit there at a red lightheaded or a stop sign reading text messages or taking calls term Im behind the wheel of a moving vehicle.It is unsafe to not only you but the people in your car, and the people outside of your car as well like other drivers, pedestrians, animals, etc. I think that if it were to become illegal then it should not only have one ticket for texting while driving but also another one for being stupid to put yourself and other in a dangerous risk of dying or getting seriously hurt. Fifty-eight percent of those under 45 say texting while driving should be punished less severely than driving while intoxicated, while 65 percent of those over 45 say the severity of the punishment should be adapted for both. (CBS 6)I am still kind of a new driver myself but I do know how to stay safe on the road from anything that may distract me and end up causing a lot of damage. Dinosaurs have big bodies and small brains, when you step i nside of a vehicle you now have a big body and a smaller brain. Dont let that brain of yours end up making stupid decisions behind dangerous machinery like a car. Why do people text and drive? Because they think they can multitask, news flash no you cant. You cannot pay concern to the road going 70 while talking to your friend at the same time because our minds were meant to seize only one thing at a time.Everyone says oh I can multitask and when they do they completely cognize something up, just like driving if you dont pay attention you will screw up bigger than falling off your bike and getting a skinned knee. If this was made illegal I am pretty sure that people wouldnt obey it at first, but once they get into that accident due to that electronic distraction they will understand why it was made illegal. Numerous new-fashioned studies document that using wireless communications, and specifically texting, is one of the most dangerous distractions for a driver, under many circu mstances have there been deadly consequences